The architecture of HOPR and its enabling technologies are reviewed including the label processor, optical switch, and optoelectronic shared buffer. In addition to the OPS scheme, the network also supports optical circuit switching (OCS) and novel virtual OCS (VOCS) schemes to enable versatile services in a cost-efficient manner on a unified hardware platform and at the same wavelength as the OPS.Ī basic prototype HOPR for 3-D torus networks is being developed aiming at handling 100-Gbps optical packets with a high-energy efficiency of 90 mW/Gbps and low latency of 140 ns. Moreover, it is suitable for the optical packet switching (OPS) scheme, as the regularity of the node sequence allows the use of a simple deterministic forwarding algorithm and the multiple alternative routes enable an effective contention resolution when considered as optical buffers. The high-dimensional torus topology, which is widely used in supercomputers, e.g., CRAY (3-D), Blue Gene (3- ~ 5-D), and K computer (6-D), provides various advantages such as flexible scalability, good connectivity, and robust redundancy of links. In this chapter, we present a torus-topology photonic data center network that is based on hybrid optoelectronic routers (HOPRs) and a centralized network controller. Photonic networks are expected to be the savior that can take data centers to a new paradigm by providing solutions to the above challenges and thus enable their sustainable growth up to the far-off future. However, it is getting increasingly difficult to cope with the growing demand while keeping other requirements under control such as low cost, high-energy efficiency, and low latency. Ever-growing data centers are currently the main providers for a wide diversity of services that involve handling unprecedented volumes of data traffic.
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December 2022
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